Hrvatski | List of Bans in Croatian Kingdom | Legal Notice
	List of Croatian Heads of State

Principality 626 - 925 Recorded Princes 14 Kingdom 925 - 1918 Kings 56 Thereof House of Trpimirović 13 House of Arpad 15 House of Anjou 4 House of Luxembourg 2 House of Hunyadi 1 House of Jagiellon 3 House of Habsburg 11 House of Habsburg-Lorraine 7 Occupation 1918 - 1939 Illegally vacant Autonomy 1939 - 1941 Ban 1 Dictatorship 1941 - 1945 Poglavnik 1 Republic Since 1945 Presidents 18 Thereof Communist 15 Democratic 3

			Croatian Heads of State Seven White Croatian clans, led by brothers Klukas, Lobel, Kosjenc, Muhlo and Hrvat; and sisters Tuga and Buga, upon invitation by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, in 626 arrived to Dalmatia to release it from the Avars, which were then, together with the Slavs, besieging Constantinople. Having defeated the Avars, the Croats submitted the Roman provinces of Dalmatia, Pannonia and Illyricum and established the principalities of Littoral Croatia and Savian Croatia.
			Principality of Littoral Croatia (626 – 925) Littoral Croatia, that became the Croatian Kingdom in 925, continuously existed as a sovereign state until 1918. In contrast, the sovereignty of Savian Croatia was soon lost and only briefly restored 818 – 822 in the time of Prince Ljudevit Posavski. Princes Radoslav 626 – 640 Porga 640 – 680 • Christianisation of the Croats in 641 Budimir 740 – 780 Višeslav 785 – 802 Borna 803 – 821 Vladislav 821 – 835 Mislav 835 – 845 House of Trpimirović Trpimir I 845 – 864 Domagoj 864 – 876 Inoslav 876 – 878 Sedeslav 878 – 879 Branimir 879 – 892 Muncimir 892 – 910 Tomislav 910 – 925 • Incorporation of Savian Croatia
			Croatian Kingdom (925 – 1918) From 1102, the Croatian Kingdom had common kings with other states (personal union), that were nominated by the Sabor (Parliament). The kings are presented according to Croatian numbering (e.g. Hungarian king Bela II was Croatian king Bela I). The official (diplomatic) names of the Croatian Kingdom were the following: - Kingdom of Croatia (925 – 970) - Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia (970 – XIII century) - Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (XIII century – 1868) - Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (1868 – 1918) Kings House of Trpimirović Tomislav 925 – 928 • Prince Tomislav defeated the Hungarians and Bulgarians, united the country and became the King in 925 Trpimir II 928 – 935 Krešimir I 935 – 945 Miroslav 945 – 949 Michael Krešimir II 949 – 969 Stephen Držislav 969 – 997 • Incorporation of Dalmatian cities in 970 Svetislav Surina 997 – 1000 Krešimir III 1000 – 1030 Stephen I 1030 – 1058 Peter Krešimir IV 1058 – 1074 Demetrius Zvonimir 1075 – 1089 • Separation of independent Kingdom of Doclea in 1077 Stephen II 1089 – 1091 Peter Svačić 1093 – 1097 • Killed on the Gvozd mountain in 1097 while defending the country from the Hungarians. Although without the king, in 1099 the united Croatian counts pushed the Hungarians back over the Drava river • Having started a new campaign against Croatia, but stopped in 1102 on the Drava river facing the convened Croatian army, Hungarian King Coloman offered an agreement to the Croats (the Kiss of Peace) House of Arpad Coloman 1102 – 1116 • Elected and crowned as the Croatian King in 1102 by the agreement Pacta Conventa (personal union of Croatia and Hungary) Stephen III 1116 – 1131 Bela I the Blind 1131 – 1141 Geza I 1141 – 1162 Stephen IV 1162 Ladislaus I 1162 – 1163 Stephen V 1163 Stephen IV 1163 – 1172 Bela II 1173 – 1196 Emeric 1196 – 1204 Ladislaus II 1204 – 1205 Andrew I 1205 – 1235 Bela III 1235 – 1270 Stephen VI 1270 – 1272 Ladislaus III the Cuman 1272 – 1290 Andrew II the Venetian 1290 – 1300 House of Anjou Charles Robert 1300 – 1342 • King of Hungary only from 1307 (restored personal union) Louis I 1342 – 1382 • Separation of independent Kingdom of Bosnia in 1377 Mary 1382 – 1385 Charles of Durazzo 1385 – 1386 Various Houses Sigismund of Luxembourg 1387 – 1437 • First Ottoman attacks in 1396 • Venice captures most of the coastal cities and islands in 1420 Antikings: - Stephen Tvrtko of Kotromanić 1387 – 1391 - Ladislaus of Naples of Anjou 1391 – 1409 Albert of Habsburg 1437 – 1439 Elisabeth of Luxembourg 1439 – 1440 Vladislaus I of Jagiellon 1440 – 1444 Ladislaus the Posthumous of Habsburg 1444 – 1457 Matthias Corvinus of Hunyadi 1458 – 1490 • Strong continuous Ottoman attacks after the conquest of Bosnia in 1463 Vladislaus II of Jagiellon 1490 – 1516 Louis II of Jagiellon 1516 – 1526 • Title Antemurale Christianitatis given to Croatia by the Pope in 1519 • Separation of independent Republic of Dubrovnik in 1526 House of Habsburg Ferdinand I 1527 – 1564 • Elected as the King by the Sabor in exchange to help defence against Ottomans (personal union with Austria) • Organisation of Military Frontier under the administration of the joint army in 1553 Antiking: - John of Zapolja 1527 – 1538 Maximilian I 1564 – 1576 Rudolf I 1576 – 1608 • Croatia reduced to Reliquiae reliquiarum, but further Ottoman conquests were halted by the Sisak victory in 1593 Matthias II 1608 – 1619 Ferdinand II 1619 – 1637 Ferdinand III 1637 – 1657 Leopold I 1657 – 1705 • Due to King's avoidance of the undertaken obligation to liberate the occupied territories, unsatisfied Croatian and Hungarian magnates initiated the Zrinski-Frankopan Conspiracy, suppressed by the King, who had fraudulently captured and executed Zrinski and Frankopan, and confiscated their estates in 1671. Since then, the Habsburg Kings (in permanent conflict of interest as the Croatian, Czech and Hungarian Kings, German Emperors and Austrian Archdukes) were openly supporting the interests of Austria or Hungary, often to the detriment of Croatia. • Ottomans expelled from Central Croatia and most of Slavonia in 1699, but not from Bosnia and Herzegovina • Venice captures entire Dalmatian coast in 1671 and hinterland in 1699 and 1718 Joseph I 1705 – 1711 Charles III 1711 – 1740 • Succession to the Croatian throne recognised by the Sabor to the female line of Habsburg in 1712 (Pragmatic Sanction) • Liberation of Slavonia completed in 1718 House of Habsburg-Lorraine Maria Theresa 1740 – 1780 • Slavonia returned under the Croatian administration in 1745 Joseph II 1780 – 1790 Leopold II 1790 – 1792 • Act of the Sabor on accession to the real union with Hungary in 1790, until the remaining areas under the Ottoman and Venetian rules are restored. Simultaneously, Hungary started aggressive policy against Croatia, which culminated in 1848. Francis I 1792 – 1835 • After the end of Republic of Venice the royal army captured Dalmatia, but it was not returned under the Croatian administration • Republic of Dubrovnik ended in 1808 and merged with Dalmatia in 1814 Ferdinand IV 1835 – 1848 • Withdrawal from the real union and the war with Hungary in 1848 – 49: "The King of Croatia had declared war on the King of Hungary while the Emperor of Austria remained neutral and these three monarchs were one and the same person" Francis Joseph I 1848 – 1916 • By the Croatian-Hungarian Compromise of 1868, the two states created a real union under the name Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen • The royal army captured Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, but it was not incorporated into Croatia • Military Frontier returned under the Croatian administration in 1881 • The military intelligence of the Kingdom of Serbia (with the program of territorial extension aimed at Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), in Sarajevo in 1914 organised the assassination of the heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand, who planned the trialist reorganisation of the Habsburg Monarchy, consisting of Austria, Hungary and Croatia (including Bosnia and Herzegovina) Charles IV 1916 – 1918 • The Sabor declared independence by discontinuing constitutional links with Austria and Hungary; creation of provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1918
			Occupation (1918 – 1939) Croatia was occupied by the Serbian army in 1918 and was by coercion, without consent of the Sabor, included in the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). By this act, for the first time after 13 centuries Croatia ceased to exist as a state. Yugoslavia ceded to Italy parts of Croatian coast (Istria, Rijeka, Zadar and a number of islands) in 1920.
			Banovina of Croatia (1939 – 1941) By the agreement between the Yugoslav Government and Croatian opposition in 1939, the autonomous Banovina of Croatia was established within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It included most of the territories of Croatia, as well as parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lasted until the Axis powers broke up Yugoslavia in 1941. The Banovina of Croatia was administered by the Ban, on behalf of the King of Yugoslavia and Croatian Sabor. Ban Ivan Šubašić 1939 – 1941
			Independent State of Croatia (1941 – 1945) Founded in 1941 under the auspices of the Axis powers and Ustaše dictatorship. It included Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but ceded most of Dalmatia and the littoral to Italy, as well as Međimurje and Baranja to Hungary. After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, it incorporated most of Dalmatia. Until 1943 it was technically a kingdom, with Italian Prince Aimone of Savoy as the King Tomislav II, but the actual authority was held by the Poglavnik of Ustaše. Defeated in the World War II and ceased to exist in 1945. Poglavnik Ante Pavelić 1941 – 1945
	1944 – 1946 1946 – 1990 Since 1990		Republic of Croatia (1944 – 1990 – present) Partisan resistance movement led by Yugoslav communists, in 1943 established the National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), which proclaimed incorporation of coastal areas into Croatia (ceded to Italy in 1920). In 1944, ZAVNOH founded the Federal State of Croatia, one of the six constituent states of the communist Yugoslav federation. The President of Sabor (the Parliament; former ZAVNOH) was the Head of the State until 1974, when the collective Presidency was established. After the first democratic elections in 1990, the President of the Presidency became the President of the Republic, directly elected since 1992. As most of the republics of the disintegrating Yugoslavia, Croatia declared independence in 1991. The official names of the Republic of Croatia were the following: - Federal State of Croatia (1944 – 1946) - People's Republic of Croatia (1946 – 1963) - Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963 – 1990) - Republic of Croatia (Since 1990) Presidents of the Presidium of the Sabor Vladimir Nazor 1944 – 1949 • By the internal Yugoslav delimitation in 1946, Croatia lost eastern Srijem to Serbia and Kotor bay to Montenegro (both within Croatian Kingdom until 1918) - President of the Presidency of the ZAVNOH 1944 – 1945 - President of the Sabor 1945 – 1946 - President of the Presidium of the Sabor 1946 – 1949 Karlo Mrazović 1949 – 1952 Vicko Krstulović 1952 – 1953 Presidents of the Sabor Zlatan Sremec 1953 Vladimir Bakarić 1953 – 1963 Ivan Krajačić 1963 – 1967 Jakov Blažević 1967 – 1974 • In 1971 the Yugoslav regime suppressed the democratic movement Croatian Spring, which opposed the Belgrade’s centralism and artificial merger of the Croatian language with Serbian into Serbo-Croatian Ivo Perišin 1974 Presidents of the Presidency Jakov Blažević 1974 – 1982 Marijan Cvetković 1982 – 1983 Milutin Baltić 1983 – 1984 Jakša Petrić 1984 – 1985 Pero Car 1985 Ema Derossi-Bjelajac 1985 – 1986 Ante Marković 1986 – 1988 Ivo Latin 1988 – 1990 Presidents of the Republic Franjo Tuđman - President of the Presidency 1990 - President of the Republic 1990 – 1999 1990 – 1999 • Declaration of independence and aggression of the rump Yugoslavia (Serbia, Montenegro, the federal army and local rebels) in 1991 • The United Nations membership in 1992 • Liberation of most of the occupied areas in 1995 • The Council of Europe membership in 1996 • Reintegration of eastern Slavonia in 1998 Acting (Presidents of the Sabor): - Vlatko Pavletić 1999 – 2000 - Zlatko Tomčić 2000 Stjepan Mesić 2000 – 2010 • Reintegration of the remaining part of southern Dalmatia in 2002 • NATO membership in 2009 Ivo Josipović Since 2010 • The European Union membership in 2013

Hrvatski List of Bans in Croatian Kingdom Copyright © Zoran Lukić, 1997, 2012. All rights reserved. Republication of the content of this page is permitted, provided the source is attributed. Online since 1994 This List of Croatian Heads of State was first published on the Gopher in 1994. Transformed into the Web version in 1997 and revised in 2003 and 2012.